The Heterosexual Matrix & Colonialism

Understand the West’s social construction of sex, gender, and sexuality; how this construction spread the heterosexual matrix across the globe; and how this has had systematic repercussions across multiple cultures’ relationships with each category. Patil serves as the theoretical basis to understand the heterosexual matrix as a form of colonial power, with each section after breaking down how sex, gender, sexuality, and intersexuality—respectively—were turned into false dichotomies to erase the often more diverse experiences of pre-colonial, indigenous communities.


Patil, V. (2018). The heterosexual matrix as imperial effect. Sociological Theory, 36(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275118759382

Phillips, J. C., Laroussi, H., & Williams, J. E. (2025). Are You Serious? The Absurdity of Policies Defining Two Sexes … Banning One and Erasing Others. The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 36(4), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000570

Ferguson, S. (2023). Sex, Sovereignty, and the Biological in the Interwar Arab East. Modern Intellectual History, 20(1), 220–246. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244322000075

Evang, J. A. M. (2022). Is “Gender Ideology” Western Colonialism?: Anti-gender Rhetoric and the Misappropriation of Postcolonial Language. TSQ : Transgender Studies Quarterly, 9(3), 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1215/23289252-9836036

Bora, R. (2023). Desi Genderqueerness: The Mystery and History of Gender Diversity in India. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 51(3/4), 172–177. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27300148

Sigal, P., Tortorici, Z., & Whitehead, N. L. (2019). Ethnopornography: Sexuality, Colonialism, and Archival Knowledge (Neil L. Whitehead, Pete Sigal, & Zeb Tortorici, Eds.; 1st ed.). Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478004424

Mehta, M. (2024). Colonization and Queerness in South Asia: Understanding evolving public perceptions of queer identities in Pre- and Post-Colonial India. Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, 38(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5070/B3.39973

Swarr, A. L. (2023). Envisioning African Intersex: Challenging Colonial and Racist Legacies in South African Medicine (1st ed.). Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478024248

Woodman, A. (2025). Intersex people or khunthā in the Middle East – How they are perceived, accepted, & treated: qualitative evidence synthesis & framework analysis. Psychology and Sexuality, 16(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2024.2347963